Ideology

Ideology

In this session we have discussed a really interesting topic - Ideology.

The presentation started off with a very clever quote:
"You're not the boss of me. I'm the boss of me. I act on my opinions. My opinions are natural. Aren't they?"...

And this is where ideologies start having an impact on everyone, on the way we behave, on the way we think and act, and even, and probably, most importantly, the way we REACT! And I'm saying this, because I believe, that the way a person reacts, as an action he or she takes, in response to something,  has a very short thinking time applied to it in most cases, which means that the decision of how to react, is based most likely, on one's ideology. I am basing this statement on the definition of ideology given by the Oxford Dictionary as " the set of beliefs characteristic of a social group or individuals".
            http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ideology?q=ideology

From this, we can draw a pretty simple conclusion in relation to ideologies, and we can easily say that they embody the way we have been brought up, they are a set of moral values influenced by the environment.

However, as much as ideologies can be inherited involuntarily, through simple unquestioned upbringing, (nd by this I am referring simply to the fact that most people do not question their family ideologies, but accept them as being the right and only way to behave and think), some ideologies, can be implemented through various systems or methods for imposing a certain way of being/thinking.

My statement might seem a little twisted and difficult to understand, but basically, I believe, that while we are brought up with certain beliefs, we can pretty easily convert to different ones, by simply changing the environment, or changing the rules we have to follow.

The best example for this, is Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon.

The Panopticon is the model of a prison designed by Jeremy Bentham during the late eighteenth century. The word "Panopticon" comes from "Pan", which means all, and the Greek "Opticon", which means view.

Oxford dictionary defines the Panopticon as "a circular prison with cells arranged around a central well, from which prisoners could at all times be observed."

The panoptic prison is basically designed with an opaque central tower in its center, around which, are aligned transparent cells. The central tower can see into each individual cell, but nobody can know if there is actually anybody inside the opaque watchtower, therefore the mode of observation is permanent.

The french philosopher Michel Foucault suggested in his book, Discipline and Punish (1995), that the inmates end up to self regulate in the Panopticon.

Panopticon - elevation and section drawn by  Willey Reveley - 1791

http://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2011/06/20/surveillance-from-the-clouds-to-the-fog/

This way, a forced development of the superego is applied, in the sense that, a part of the brain is being kept in check at all times and will develop, for the fear of being seen. So, the prisoners will develop a new sense of morality, a new ideology and a new way of thinking. After a while, the fake "good behavior" becomes normal, and the old ideology is completely forgotten. Human nature is fantastic from this point of view, because people, as thinking mechanisms, are extremely adaptable and in a constant search for acceptance. So, if by changing ideology and ultimately, behavior, they are praised, accepted and included in certain groups (societies), they will continue believing and acting on those ideologies, therefore, becoming their second nature. It is commonly known that behaviour and actions repeated, become habit.

People in general, do tend to behave differently when they are being observed, as conscientiousness is not a human being's forte. So, based on this idea, I guess, the United Kingdom have installed 20% of the the world CCTV cameras, even though the country's population only adds up to 1% of the world population... And the number of CCTV cameras is expected to double by 2018...
But, on the plus side,  "Rates of murder and violent crime have fallen more rapidly in the UK in the past decade than many other countries in Western Europe", according to the BBC News bulletin from the 24th of April 2013 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22275280), so it might all be for the best.

Leaving behind the imposed ideologies discussed in the previous paragraph, we can say that an ideology is a set of social values, beliefs, feelings, representations and institutions by which people, collectively, make sense of the world they live in.
However, all these, are influenced heavily by a few factors, and one of the most important ones, these days, is the media, which plays a vital role in communicating and reinforcing DOMINANT ideologies.
As I have mentioned before, ideologies are often not consciously thought out, they are invisibly imposed to reinforce power relations and social structures.

And all this, is because of the importance of ideologies in anyone's life.
Their role is to:

• give meaning to life
• provide adherents with criteria or standards for evaluating right-wrong and/or good-bad
• provide an identity and orient people with a social and cultural compass
• provide with a program of action ("what is to be done?")

The German philosopher, Karl Marx, suggested in his 1848 work called The Communist Manifesto, that, ideologies arise in class divided societies, for the express purpose of political domination.

He said: "the class that has the means of material production at its disposal, consequently controls the means of the mental production. and this control that he is talking about, can and in most cases will, slowly lead to hegemony, which is "leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others" (Oxford Dictionary). But this is an entirely different subject, and I will probably approach this in a different post.

I will end this post with the famous quote from the human rights activist, Malcolm X. He once said: "Knowledge is power". And this is a very strong statement. Who has the knowledge, will be able to cease power and control in a good or bad way the masses. This is, in my opinion, what ideologies are based on: one person/group convincing and converting others to a certain way of thinking, believing and behaving, by providing them with real (or not) arguments. I had to say "or not" as well, because some ideologies are based on pure invented facts, meant to respond to some peoples utopian dreams.

Mini group project - create a utopian environment in a game

Block 32
A utopia based video game idea - Research and final idea

For this mini project I have been teamed up with Matteo Roberts, Peter Watton and Stuart Smith and we had to come up with a concept for a game based on Utopia.

There have been quite a few ideas thrown about when trying to come up with the idea of a world similar to the movie Wall-e, where all humans still live on Earth, but are all plugged into machines that provide them with ideal scenarios for their lives. So, each individual can choose what life he or she would like to live, program the machine and live that exact life. There is no interaction between individuals, and there is no physical activity either, they are all static, living an artificial life.

There are robots who maintain the systems, making sure that they are all in working order at any point in time, and if anything breaks, they are capable of entering each individual dream (artificial life), to be able to come up with the right solution to repair it.

Our game will concentrate on this little robot, who is looking after Block 32, a block of flats inhabited by about 40 people, each having their own individual dreams.

In order to recharge its batteries, the robot will enter any of the individual worlds ( the choice is his) and he will have to survice in that environment for 5 minutes without being "wiped out" by the owner of the world. The screen will display Robo's battery life, so it will be very clear when he needs recharging.

Each individual controls his dream / world and is able to "evacuate"any intruder if not happy with him/her. Evacuation can be done by ignoring and hence eliminating from life, or killing.

The story follows Robo, our robot, while he is entering the world of a young girl and falls in love with her. As this develops, he is tempted to enter her world all the time, even when his battery doesn't need charging, and this way he is basically ignoring all other individuals, and maintenance is slacking.
The story gets strange as Robo shouldn't be able to fall in love, him being a robot, however, as this story goes on, through cut scenes, the player finds out that all robots are actually individuals who have not adapted to this way of living (through self induced dreams), so they all have anatomical parts as well as artificial components.

The Utopia created is each individual world. The player will find out that, in fact, Utopia depends on each individual's personality and dreams. Hence, this Utopia can be a pretty world, with sunsets, waterfalls and forests, peaceful and calm environments, while at the same time, Utopia can also mean a nuclear explosion, burning buildings, shooting and dead people.

So, we have decided for each one of us  in the group to come up with a character concept and a world that character would live in.

Here are a few drawings I have done when trying to build my "world". I have come up with 2 character concept designs and 2 worlds, and in he end I have decided upon one of each. The character I have decided to pursue, I have drawn in more detail, and the environment chosen is the calm serene one, where my girl would live in.

This was my first character concept, as we were discussing the world to be  inhabited by humans  and/or robots initially, so drew a girls robot, connecting to a pod. I wasn't too keen to this idea, however, so I then drew the next one.

This is Chloe, my character, who, connected to her pod. is loving in this beautiful world, with waterfalls, rivers, sun and forests. However, as the Q-pid the robot falls in love with her, I have decided to make slightly older, as I thought it to be immoral to have her involved in a love story at such a young age.

This is my idea of a dystopia. I wanted to explore this avenue a little bit. So, a nuclear explosion, buildings burning, and ...weird flat people( I have added the dead person long after I have finished the environment and the proportion is extremely wrong, but the idea is still there:-)) lying dead on the floor, is just my worst nightmare.

This is my initial pencil drawing of a Utopia. This is where I would like to live :-)

I have taken the previous drawing in Photoshop to give it a bit more detail, and I have come up with this, my idea of Utopia, and of course, for this project, Chloe's world.

When researching for this project, I have found a few images for Utopias and Dystopias that, I thought, describe these two concepts perfectly.

This chaotic image symbolises Dystopia, from my point of view, as I don't like chaos at all. Even though I lobe bright colours, and normally, they define bright, happy feelings, in this case, I found them quite disturbing.

Another idea for Dystopia, for me, is this image, which, again, is very chaotic. You don't know where to look, it seems like everything is broken, and somehow, for a strange reason,  it gives me the idea of a very loud noise as well...

You cannot describe these two concepts ( Utopia/Dystopia) better than this. 

And finally, my part in this project was put in a couple of slides in a powerpoint presentation, shown below.

The final product for this mini project, was assembled in a Powerpoint presentation shown below:

Utopia and Dystopia

Utopia and Dystopia

I have missed the first lecture of this term, and because the subject discussed was utopias and Dystopias, I have done some personal research into this subject. 

Oxford dictionary defines Utopia as : an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More. The opposite of dystopia.

So, basically, Utopia is an imaginary IDEAL world. A lot has been discussed on the subject, and of course, everyone seems to have their own opinion in relation to the possibility of even imagining what an ideal world would be like. 

Utopia-dystopia by Dylan Glyn - http://dylanglynn.blogspot.co.uk/2010/07/utopia-dystopia.html

My opinion is that it is practically impossible to create a Utopian world for more than 1 person, as people, by definition, are different, they all have their own visions, ideas and ideals, so the moment anyone will try to create a Utopian society or place, is the moment they will instantly fail.

Of course, I might be contradicted by many, as history proves that there have been many who attempted creating utopias through books. The very first example of a Utopia was created by Plato in his work of literature called Republic, where he tried to "envisage an ideal state, and to lay down concrete parameters as to the activities of each and every class within society."
                            (guardian.co.uk, Thursday 29 April 2004 00.00 BST - Toby Green's top 10 utopias and dystopias)

However, every single idea (ideal) suggested in the book by Plato can be taken individually, analysed, through today's society's eyes, mind, but nevertheless can be broken into pieces and proven wrong. The fact that he suggests the society should be tieredin order to create happiness all around, is not something that can be accepted nowadays, even though, the society we live in, IS tiered, everyone HAS its place and fulfils a certain role. however, if we were to do a social study, I am pretty sure, more that half the population would like to do something else rather than what they are doing, and this is all down to human nature. I believe that no matter what anyone will offer an individual, there will always be something missing, there will always be something that he would rather not have or do. I mentioned during the lecture that Utopia is most probably possible only for a very short period of time, probably seconds, or we are being very optimistic, minutes, and this is exactly down to my previous idea: human nature, does not allow one person to stay happy for too long, they will always desire or long for something else.

During our lecture, the idea of Utopia being associated with an orderly society was brought up, only to be immediately rejected, and for good reason, through the example of George Orwell's book Nineteen Eighty-Four, where the society is completely controlled by a Big Brother style system, everything is in complete order, however, the reader will not aspire to live in such a society, on the contrary, everyone would probably avoid it, if given the choice. 

Unfortunately (or fortunately - depending how you look at it), I grew up in communist Romania before the 1989 revolution, so all through my primary and junior high school, we were fed all sorts of idealisms. The main one, which I still remember quite vividly, was that if, as a country, we would reach the state of socialism, that will be the ideal world, where everyone would be equal. That is what we were "aiming" for, and to think that this is what were taught in the early stages in school, that was brainwashing worked out to absolute perfection. A Utopia was being presented to children in their most innocent and mentally absorbing times of their lives. That's possible the only you could attempt a Utopian society, I guess: brain wash children, separate them from adults from an early age, not to be fed any other ideas, keep them in an enclosed parameter with no access to the outside world(in order not to have their ideals tempered with), and so on, and create basically a new breed of humans. 

And this has now made me think of animals in Zoos... Do they live in a Utopia, for the simple reason that they don't know ay different? Most of them were born there, grew up in the same enclosed space, have not experienced any other klife, so cannot compare their way of living with anything else, so probably, in their mind, they are leaving in an ideal world?!?!?

anonymous image

And this is what brings me back to what Doris Lessing said in her book The golden Notebook that brought her the Nobel prize for literature in 2007.
"What seemed to me important was that it could be read as parody, irony or seriously. It seems to me this fact is another expression of the fragmentation of everything, the painful disintegration of something that is linked with what I feel to be true about language, the thinning of language against the density of our experience." 
Indeed, everything can be fragmented and analysed, and given a lot of different meanings, including the idea of a Utopia, or Dystopia for that matter.


I would like to make this following quote from Robert Musil -  a nominee for a Nobel Prize for literature for his work: the Man without Qualities. In this book, he says:
"Nowadays we call good whatever gives us the illusion that it will get us somewhere" 

And this should be, probably the definition of any Utopia, short or long lived: "if anyone has the illusion that by doing something, they will get somewhere (where they want to get), they are basically living their own individual Utopia." (Robert Musil - The man without qualities)

Gender and the Gaze

 Gender and the Gaze

Who's looking at who?

The very first point to be made, is, that there is a clear distinction between sex and gender.

Sex refers to the biological identity a person has as a male or a female.

Gender, on the other hand, in contemporary thought, it refers to socially determined identity construct. Characterisation of gender changes from culture to culture, as we are being expected to behave in a certain way and be as male or female. 

Gender also refers to how society stereotypes males and females and for this reason, gender tends to be as fixed as sex, and seemed to be confused for a long time with sex.

Gender also refers to the cultural expectation for a certain sex, the cultural representation, for example, in most of the old paintings, films or books, which were the most common form of culture, the most common way of instilling beliefs, the female characters acted very feminine, while the male characters acted very masculine.

Gender stereotypes (The nature / culture question)

There seems to have been a NAture - culture binary that inflicted all this difference in which men and women were being perceived in history. And because of this, there appeared quite a few stereotypes. In most cases, stereotypes refer to the cultural differences, they are based on ideologies, on the cultural way of perceiving things.

Mythologies were built around gender: Gods were always men, there was alway the connection between: God - Man - Myth.

Masculinity and femininity lead to opposing moral values in mythology.

Gender roles were propagated through religious text, paintings and this way it managed to maintain the status quo of the male - strong, in control.

Discobolus  of Myron (the Disc thrower)

Men were always depicted in any forms of art, as very active, fighting, in control (wether these representations were films, sculptures, paintings, etc), while women have always been shown as shy, modest, passive, sensual, or is quite a few cases, as mother figures( Jean Fouquet - The Virgin Mother, or Botticelli's oil painting shown below - fig1)

fig1( The birth of Venus - Sandro Botticelli)

Even though, there were many historical strong female characters ( Judith - fig2 - see "Book of Judith", who single handedly - according to the religious writings - decapitated Holofernes - the general of the enemy army, and brought victory for the jews that way, or Cleopatra, who again,  single handedly ruled the Egyptians for a few years until she committed suicide). 

fig2 ( Judith with the Head of Holofernes - Cristofano Allori)

However, even though Cleopatra was one of the most powerful women of her time(fig3, fig4), in death, she is depicted as a typical female: weak, powerless, helpless.(fig5, fig6).

fig3 (Cleopatra - Adam Lenckhardt)

fig4 (Cleopatra and Caesar - Jean Leon Gerome)

fig5 (The death of Cleopatra - Guido Cagnacci)

fig6(The death of Cleopatra - Reginald Arthur)

However, all this has changed in the last 30-40 years. Women are being perceived differently, they are being given a fair place in society, their qualities are being accepted, and recognised, and their role as independent thinkers, artists, even leaders is set on the same level as their male counterparts'.

Oxford dictionary describes feminism as:

• the advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes.

• The issue of rights for women first became prominent during the French and American revolutions in the late 18th century. In Britain it was not until the emergence of the suffragette movement in the late 19th century that there was significant political change. A ‘second wave’ of feminism arose in the 1960s, with an emphasis on unity and sisterhood; seminal figures included Betty Friedan and Germaine Greer

So, based on this, we can say that feminism, questions what theoretically can be described as Patriarchal Binary thought, which is in fact a very simplistic way of seeing the world

It has always been believed that "Feminine" was led by nature and "Masculine" was led by culture and that's where feminism comes in to challenge the ingrained views.

One interesting thing to be mentioned, is that feminists are not always females.

The feminist move started in Britain through the Suffragettes in the late 19th and early 20th century, when women of middle and upper class, frustrated by their social and economic situation, demanded a change within society.

A really interesting fact brought up in class, was the fact the a branch of the Suffragette movement argued that women's place was at home, as wives and Mum, and the right to vote was the only thing they actually wanted to gain through protests.

Feminism in arts in 70's and 80's


In the 70's and 80's, art was the least censored form of expression, so feminists used their art to challenge the stereotypes and gender roles.

Hannah Wilke is a very good example of this.

She has written on the photo: What does this represent   What do you represent, and through this she has taken a position of renegotiating the representation of one's body, as the body in the image, even though it is a naked female, doesn't seem to want to be looked at and admired.

There is a massive difference between this image of a female and the ones portrayed till now, where women were being shown as shy or vain, but in any way, looking for approval and admiration from the viewer.

Another example of the feminist move in the 70's is Valie Export in her "Action Pants: Genital Panic"

 Action Pants: Genital Panic is a set of six identical posters from a larger group that the artist produced to commemorate an action she performed in Munich in 1968. The posters show EXPORT sitting on a bench against a wall out of doors wearing crotchless trousers and a leather shirt and holding a machine-gun. Her feet are bare and vulnerable, as are her genitals, and she holds the gun at chest level, apparently in readiness to turn it on the viewer towards whom her gaze is directed. Her hair stands up in a wild mop above her head, emphasising the strangeness of the image.

The action that gave rise to the photograph Action Pants: Genital Panic has become the subject of apocryphal art historical legend. EXPORT performed Genital Panic in Munich in an art cinema where experimental film-makers were showing their work. Wearing trousers from which a triangle had been removed at the crotch, the artist walked between the rows of seated viewers, her exposed genitalia at face-level. This confrontation challenged the perceived cliché of women’s historical representation in the cinema as passive objects denied agency.

                 (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/export-action-pants-genital-panic-p79233/text-summary)

Another example is Barbara Kruger with "Your body is a battleground" designed for the 1989 March on Washington in support of women's rights and the abortion-rights movement.

"Untitled (Your Body is a Battleground)" exemplifies Kruger's interest in addressing and interpreting heated political issues of the moment. Using as a central image a silk-screened frontal photograph of a model's face, she gives the image additional meaning by dividing the large canvas it occupies into sections: right and left the image reverses from positive to negative, and from top to bottom the face is divided into thirds emblazoned with the slogan "Your body is a battleground." Kruger critiques the objectified standard of symmetry applied in modern times to feminine beauty, and perpetuated at fever pitch by media and advertising.
The composition originally included more text and was designed as a poster for the massive pro-choice march that took place on April 9, 1989 in Washington, D.C. Additionally, Kruger has allowed the image to be displayed on postcards with the text "Support Abortion, Birth Control, and Women's Rights". Reproduced here is the large scale original painting in the Foundation's collection. The Foundation's collection includes six works by Kruger.

          (http://faculty.txwes.edu/csmeller/human-prospect/ProData09/03WW2CulMatrix/WW2PICs/Kruger1945/Kru1989Body400.htm)

During the 70's, which was a very masculine dominated decade, Grayson Perry believed that in order to be heard when challenging the norm, you had to be very loud, you had to go to the extreme and shout loud enough. that's how his alter ego came to life, which he named Claire.

Another interesting subject brought in class by one of my colleagues was that apparently, through studies, was discovered that, one side of the brain deals with ideologies, cultural information and when that is being challenged, it releases the same chemicals it does when you fear for your life, causing aggression. (This is a subject I would like to study a bit more, as I don't have any proof of the study, but apparently it was confirmed by my tutor as well).

Gender, Sex and Sexuality

Difference and play in post modernity

Post modernity is when binary system started to be broken down.

While the feminists in the 70's used their bodies to challenge the stereotypes, the post modernists started to remove the bodies in order to do the same thing.

A good representative of this era is Sarah Lucas - a post modernist feminist

Two fried eggs and a kebab - Sarah Lucas.

This image leaves everything to your imagination and she probably wants to depict the female image as is seen by the male viewer. There is no nude model, no nudity whatsoever, however, it is more sexual than normal, exactly because it is all left open.

Theories of post colonialism and video games

Theories of Postcolonialism in videogames

     Post colonial theory addresses the matter of post colonial identity (gender, race, racism) and their interactions in the development of a post colonial society and of a post colonial national identity, it looks into how the colonised's people cultural knowledge was used against them in service of the coloniser's interestes and it looks at how knowledge about the world is generated under specific socio-economic relations between the powerful and powerless.

Post colonialism is studying the effects the empires have left behind after colonising certain areas. the colonised people's cultures have been massively influenced by the colonisers and even their history was rewritten to a certain degree after the colonisation took place. Here's a map of the "Colonial possessions of World Powers in 1914".

http://hist106-2009spring.blogspot.co.uk/2009/04/towards-europe-of-nations-and.html

This is just a simple but matter of fact example of how the world functioned at that time, when "colonising" meant bringing culture to the uncultured, and not invading a foreign territory.

Post colonial theory mainly began in relation to literature. From the point of view of colonised peoples, Western traditions of thought, art and literature have dominated world culture, marginalising or even excluding non-Western traditions and forms of cultural life and expression.

The founding theorist of Post colonialism was Edward Said, an israeli by birth, but who moved to the USA later in life. He wrote the book "Orientalism" where he talks in detail about the colonised Orient and the colonising west. 

When it comes to colonising nations, it creates a separation between the colonised and the colonisers, hence creating in turn the effect of "The Others". The colonisers become "The Others"for the colonised and in return, the colonised become "The Others" for the colonisers. All the Middle Eastern nation that have been colonised have been seen as"exotic", "different", being lovely places to go for a short period of time, while trying as much as possible to change them and make them more like "Us" in the process. This process is still happening today, whether admitted openly or not, there is always a certain degree of "colonisation" in the world from the part of world powers towards the least powerful (economically or socially).

A short history of game space

A short history of Game space

Video games can be built and have been built in a variety of game spaces. From their beginnings games have evolved enormously and they have gone through massive changes, evolving from a text based, imaginary game space, to 2D space and moving on to full 3D ones, where you feel totally immersed in the play.

The stages games have gone through are more or less as follows:
1.Text based games ( these are imaginary games where the space is created by describing the environment. a good example for this is Dundgeons and Dragons brought out in 1974)

Collosal Cave adventure - the original adventure game that inspired the Walking Dead  

2. Contained 2D space ( the screen limits your movement, you cannot move faster than the screen scrolls or further than the edge of the screen at any point in time). A good example fo this type of game is Space invaders where the screen is set in portrait mode to give the idea of height, and hence utilising the space to the best of its potential

Python Space invaders

3. Wrap around Space  - this gives the player more freedom of movement and creates the feeling of bigger space, as in PacMan (see image below), or it creates the feeling of infinite space, as in Asteroids( see image below).

Pac Man on Atari

Asteroids on Atari

4. Spaces that scroll around one axis (this game space used scrolling to give the impression of continuous  movement in a 2D space. Super Mario Bros used horizontal movement, while Spy Hunter privileged vertical movement 

Spy hunter on Nintendo

Super Mario Bros

5. Scrolling along 2 axes (as a player, you can now chose which direction to go across the x and y axes. Good examples from this category are again, the newer versions of Mario, Metal Slug, Sonic)

Sonic retro Casino night. There is a very interesting link here as well, if anyone would like to read more details about Sonic, seeing that it seems to have a come back. You can listen to the music as well. Casino night zone

6. Adjacent spaces ( "Games like Berzerk (1980)took place in multiple  rooms in which  users  were able to imagine that their characters  were invisible  to enemies in other rooms.  If a user's character was hidden from the enemy's view,  the user would not be seen and therefore not engaged. Thus the user would have to manoeuvre to stay hidden  and,/oraccomplish  desired tasks."Dariusz Jacob Boron - A short history of Digital Game Space)

Berzerk Berzerk Voice Enhanced is an impressive hack of Atari's Berzerk that adds speech from the original arcade game. Berzerk VE has, by far, the most speech of any Atari 2600 game, with the phrases "Intruder Alert! Intruder Alert!, "Chicken, Fight Like A Robot", and "Humanoid Must Not Escape" spoken during gameplay. Mike has also restored the original Arcade color scheme and reworked the artwork to more closely match the arcade original. Mike also created a high-quality label and manual for Berzerk VE, which was released at the 2002 Classic Gaming Expo where it quickly sold out.
atariage

7. Scrolling with multiple background layers (each layer of the background is moving at a different speed and therefore creating an impression of 3D space. This space was used in the game Double Dragon (1987) to create the impression of a deep and dense background, while at the same time, the front layer moving faster it gave the impression that it was a 3D space)

Double Dragon - King of the beat 'em ups

8. Limited 3D space (the impression of a 3D space is created here through the perspective lines, and the rules of perspective. When using a one point perspective, the player feels like he is "racing" into the distance, which is the case with "Knight rider"

Knight Rider 2 - PC game

9.Isometric 3D space (looking down on a space and by using shading and perspective, a 3D environment is simulated. Examples of games in isometric 3D space: Zaxxon and Paperboy

Zaxxon

Paperboy, released in 1991 by Tengen

10. Window to the outdoors The whole television screen was used as a window or a plane.                           Best example is Nintendo's Duck Hunt where the player's input devis was a gun and he had to shoot            ducks or clay pigeons  3D space was suggested by making the ducks/pigeons smaller and smaller as they flew away from player.

Duck Hunt, first released in Japan on April 21st 1984, for Nintento  Entertainment System (NES)

  11. Two Spaces on one screen Best example for this game space is Spy vs Spy, a multiplayer game where one has to find the enemy while searching through a labyrinth of rooms, so the payers would have to master mental mapping skills

Spy vs Spy - a two person game, based on a long running cartoon from MAD  Magazine,  it was forst released in  1984 for Atari 8bit, Commodore 64 and Apple II computers. 

  12. Video Capture Each costumed actor  was video recorded  punching,  kicking  and  so on.

The  short, flowing  animations  were then played  back in the game  at the speed  of the fast-paced action.  Rather than controlling bitmapped,  drawn  characters,  players could experience  manoeuvring a real actor. Mortal Kombat was a very popular arcade game using this space brilliantly.

Mortal Kombat II - Arcade game

Mortal Kombat 4 - First title form the series to use 3D computer graphics

  13. Mapped space - Prerendered panoramas Every animation was pre-recorded. and every viewpoint was precalculated. The computer did not need to run a game engine  that would calculate  its visuals in real time: it needed only to store the information  that was needed for each particular  scene.  This way,the animation  was smoother  and more realistic. (D J Boron). Example of a game using this space is Myst.

Myst Island game map

 Best known image for the game Myst

 14. Early 3D space - one horizontal plane In Wolfenstein 3D, the player was placed in a first person view mode and had to explore a series of dungeons in an immersive world. The ground level was on one level with the corresponding horizon, so aiming could only be done from left to right, while up/down direction could not be taken into consideration. The next stage in this category was created by Doom in 1993 where the ground had different heights, and player was engaged from above and below. This was a 2.5D game space

Wolfenstein 4 - originally released in May 1992 for DOS

Doom, released in 1993, shortly after Wolfenstein, again, for DOS, but this time,  the player will have a much larger arsenal of weapons as he will have to deal with non human enemies.

 15. Full 3D space In this game space, players are allowed full freedom of movement. Most first person shooter games that exist today are based in 3D spaces. Some examples are Far Cry, Call of Duty, Quake.

Image taken from Far Cry3. The scenery created was just amazing, and this is just a sample of the high end artistry displayed in this game.

Call of Duty Black Ops 2 - the attention to detail in this game is amazing, all scenes are very cinematic, and have got a really realistic fee to them.

Quake III, the first in the Quake series focusing on multiplayer action